Abstract
Oral microbiome plays an important part on oral health and endogenous bacteria and fungi should not be eradicated. However, their proliferation must be controlled by oral hygiene care. In vitro, Solidago virgaurea ssp. virgaurea L. (SV) plant extract inhibits the adherence and hyphal formation of a fungus, Candida albicans. It reduces the biomass of Candida-bacterial biofilms but not fungal or bacterial growth. Unlike chemical antiseptics, like triclosan and chlorhexidine for instance, SV is a plant extract easily biodegradable. The purpose of this study was to assess the in vivo effectiveness of SV extract in reducing oral biomass. A randomized, double-blind clinical study, with dental plaque evaluation designed to assess the effectiveness of a fluorinated toothpaste containing SV (Bucovia™, Givaudan, Vernier, Switzerland) was conducted. Sixty-six subjects (SV group n = 33 vs. control n = 33) brushed their teeth twice a day for a 4-week period. Supragingival dental plaque was sampled. Total bacterial load (broad spectral bacterial quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR)), C. albicans and seven bacterial species were quantified by qPCR. In the Intervention group, there was a decrease of Total bacterial load (ΔD0D28 p = 0.005 and ΔD14D28 p = 0.026), Streptococcus mutans (ΔD0D14 p = 0.024) and C. albicans (ΔD0D28 p = 0.022). In the Control group Total bacterial load tended to decrease from baseline to day 28 (ΔD0D28 p = 0.062 and ΔD14D28 p = 0.009). Plaque Index and Gingival Index improved in both groups.
Highlights
Recent genomic and proteomic data revealed that more than 800 bacterial and 100 fungal phylotypes could colonize the oral cavity and contribute to oral biofilms
This extract was obtained from a wild plant S. virgaurea L., which is not a rare or endangered species and it is biodegradable in the environment
Using ssp. virgaurea L. (SV) extract we aimed to reduce oral biomass in order to maintain oral health, but we wanted to avoid a broad-spectrum action, in order to preserve protective endogenous bacterial/fungal biofilms
Summary
Recent genomic and proteomic data revealed that more than 800 bacterial and 100 fungal phylotypes could colonize the oral cavity and contribute to oral biofilms. Most of the oral bacterial and fungal species cannot be grown in vitro [1,2,3]. This might be one reason why the role of fungi in Antibiotics 2020, 9, 137; doi:10.3390/antibiotics9040137 www.mdpi.com/journal/antibiotics. Antibiotics 2020, 9, 137 oral health and disease has been underestimated [2,3,4]. Candida albicans is the prominent cultivable fungal species. The oral mycobiome can harbor other Candida species, such as Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis, Candida dublinensis, Candida krusei, or Candida tropicalis. Prominent other oral fungi are Aspergillus, Aureobasidium, Cladosporium, Epicoccum, Fusarium, Malassezia, Mucor, Penicillium, Saccharomyces, Trichophyton, and Wallemia [5,6]
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