Abstract
The problem of supporting decision- and policy-makers in managing issues related to solid waste and water quality was addressed within the context of a participatory modeling framework in the Sagarmatha National Park and Buffer Zone in Nepal. We present the main findings of management-oriented research projects conducted within this framework, thus providing an overview of the current situation in the park regarding solid waste and water quality issues. We found that most of the solid waste generated in the park is composed of organic matter, paper, and minor reused waste that is mainly reused for cattle feeding and manure, while disposal of other nondegradable categories of collected waste (glass, metal, and plastic) is not properly managed. Particularly, burning or disposal in open dumps poses a great hazard to environmental, human, and animal health, as most dump sites situated close to water courses are prone to regular flooding during the rainy season, thereby directly contaminating river water. Pollutants and microbiological contamination in water bodies were found and anthropogenic activities and hazardous practices such as solid waste dump sites, open defecation, and poor conditions of existing septic tanks are suggested as possibly affecting water quality. Collection of these data on solid waste and water quality and compilation of management information on the targeted social-ecological system allowed us to develop consensus-building models to be used as management supporting tools. By implementing such models, we were able to simulate scenarios identifying and evaluating possible management solutions and interventions in the park. This work reveals insights into general dynamics that can support the quest for solutions to waste and water quality management problems in other protected areas and mountain landscapes where traditional livelihood and land use patterns are changing under the influence of a growing population, changing consumption patterns, and international tourism.
Highlights
Solid waste and water quality have become major environmental problems in recent years, especially in developing countries (Cointreau 1982; Pokhrel and Viraraghavan 2005; Markandya 2006)
We found that most of the solid waste generated in the park is composed of organic matter, paper, and minor reused waste that is mainly reused for cattle feeding and manure, while disposal of other nondegradable categories of collected waste is not properly managed
In this paper we present the experience of participatory modeling to support waste and water management in Sagarmatha National Park and Buffer Zone (SNPBZ), Nepal, applying this framework
Summary
Solid waste and water quality have become major environmental problems in recent years, especially in developing countries (Cointreau 1982; Pokhrel and Viraraghavan 2005; Markandya 2006). If solid waste is not effectively and properly managed, it can result in adverse impacts on both environmental and human health causing air, soil, and water pollution and disease. Sustainable management of solid waste in mountain areas such as in the Himalaya is important because of the vulnerability of natural resources such as surface waters and underground aquifers (Hinsby et al 2008), landscape, and biodiversity. The deterioration of natural resources may affect the economy of countries where tourism is the most important economic sector. Solid waste and littering can degrade the physical appearance of water bodies and cause deterioration of water quality
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