Solid-state synthesis and ion transport characteristics of the β-KSbF4 for all-solid-state fluoride-ion batteries

Abstract

All-solid-state fluoride ion batteries (FIBs) have been recently considered as a post-lithium-ion battery system due to their high safety and high energy density. Just like all solid-state lithium batteries, the key to the development of FIBs lies in room-temperature electrolytes with high ionic conductivity. β-KSbF4 is a kind of promising solid-state electrolyte for FIBs owing to its rational ionic conductivity and relatively wide electrochemical stability window at room temperature. However, the previous synthesis routes of β-KSbF4 required the use of highly toxic hydrofluoric acid and the ionic conductivity of as-prepared product needs to be further improved. Herein, the β-KSbF4 sample with an ionic conductivity of 1.04 × 10−4 S cm−1 (30 °C) is synthesized through the simple solid-state route. In order to account for the high ionic conductivity of the as-synthesized β-KSbF4, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) are used to characterize the physicochemical properties. The results show that the as-synthesized β-KSbF4 exhibits higher carrier concentration of 1.0 × 10−6 S cm−1 Hz−1 K and hopping frequency of 1.31 × 106 Hz at 30 °C due to the formation of the fluorine vacancies. Meanwhile, the hopping frequency shows the same trend as the changes of ionic conductivity with the changes of temperature, while the carrier concentration is found to be almost constant. The two different trends indicate the hopping frequency is mainly responsible for the ionic conduction behavior within β-KSbF4. Furthermore, the all-solid-state FIBs, in which Ag and Pb + PbF2 are adopted as cathode and anode, and β-KSbF4 as fluoride ion conductor, are capable of reversible charge and discharge. The assembled FIBs show a discharge capacity of 108.4 mA h g−1 at 1st cycle and 74.2 mA h g−1 at 50th cycle. Based on an examination of the capacity decay mechanism, it has been found that deterioration of the electrolyte/electrode interface is an important reason for hindering the commercial application of FIBs. Hence, the in-depth comprehension of the ion transport characteristics in β-KSbF4 and the interpretation of the capacity fading mechanism will be conducive to promoting development of high-performance FIBs.