Abstract
Nanomaterials have attracted much attention over the last decades due to their very different properties compared to those of bulk equivalents, such as a large surface-to-volume ratio, the size-dependent optical, physical, and magnetic properties. A number of solution fabrication methods have been developed for the synthesis of metal and metal oxides nanoparticles, but few solid-state methods have been reported. The application of nanostructured materials to electronic solid-state devices or to high-temperature technology requires, however, adequate solid-state methods for obtaining nanostructured materials. In this review, we discuss some of the main current methods of obtaining nanomaterials in solid state, and also we summarize the obtaining of nanomaterials using a new general method in solid state. This new solid-state method to prepare metals and metallic oxides nanostructures start with the preparation of the macromolecular complexes chitosan·Xn and PS-co-4-PVP·MXn as precursors (X = anion accompanying the cationic metal, n = is the subscript, which indicates the number of anions in the formula of the metal salt and PS-co-4-PVP = poly(styrene-co-4-vinylpyridine)). Then, the solid-state pyrolysis under air and at 800 °C affords nanoparticles of M°, MxOy depending on the nature of the metal. Metallic nanoparticles are obtained for noble metals such as Au, while the respective metal oxide is obtained for transition, representative, and lanthanide metals. Size and morphology depend on the nature of the polymer as well as on the spacing of the metals within the polymeric chain. Noticeably in the case of TiO2, anatase or rutile phases can be tuned by the nature of the Ti salts coordinated in the macromolecular polymer. A mechanism for the formation of nanoparticles is outlined on the basis of TG/DSC data. Some applications such as photocatalytic degradation of methylene by different metal oxides obtained by the presented solid-state method are also described. A brief review of the main solid-state methods to prepare nanoparticles is also outlined in the introduction. Some challenges to further development of these materials and methods are finally discussed.
Highlights
Over the past few decades, nanoscale particles have caused much interest due to their distinct chemical, physical and biological properties
We have studied the photocatalytic behavior of ReO3 prepared from the pyrolysis of the chitosan·(ReCl3)X and PSP-4-PVP·(ReCl3)X precursors [62]
Using the chitosanMLn//M xO y and PS-co4-PVPMLn//M xO precursors, M/M xO y and MxOy/M xO y composites with M xOy solid matrices can be obtained
Summary
Over the past few decades, nanoscale particles have caused much interest due to their distinct chemical, physical and biological properties. A variety of nanoparticles (NPs) with various shapes such as spheres, nanotubes, nanohorns, and nanocages, made different materials, from organic dendrimers, liposomes, gold, carbon, semiconductors, silicon to iron oxide, have already been fabricated and explored in many scientific fields, including chemistry, material sciences, physics, medicine, and electronics [1,2,3,4,5] In this sense, a number of solution methods have been developed for the synthesis of metal and metal oxides nanoparticles [2,3], but few solid states have been reported [6]. Nanostructured metals (M), metal oxides (MxOy), and salts (MxPyOz, where P = malonates, succinates, etc.) are obtained, depending on the nature of the metal Another method when the respective metallic or organometallic derivative is not possible to prepare uses mixtures such as MLn/[NP(O2C12H8)]3 [18,19,20]. Results regarding their application in photocatalysis will be discussed for the different nanostructured metal oxides
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