Abstract
In this study, a bioherbicide was produced by solid-state fermentation (SSF) using Diaporthe sp. Adjuvants were employed in a formulation to enhance the herbicidal activity towards the target (Cucumis sativus). The study was divided into two steps: (1) the fermentation condition for bioherbicide production was assessed; (2) evaluation of different formulations containing palm oil, Tween® 80 and Span® 80, in order to increase phytotoxicity. In step 1, the maximum herbicidal activity (1.23% of the leaves had lesions) was obtained at 25 °C, moisture content of 50 wt%, supplemented with 10 wt% of corn steep liquor and soybean bran and inoculum density of 15 wt%. In step 2, the formulation containing 8.2 wt% of palm oil, 8.2 wt% of Tween® 80 and Span® 80, resulting in an HLB of 12.8 showed the highest phytotoxicity on the leaves. At this condition, dry matter and height of target were reduced about 36% in comparison with control. Diaporthe sp. has the potential to produce molecules with herbicidal activity and the use of adjuvants enhanced three times its efficiency.
Highlights
Future weed management should consider new tools besides those existing, because modern agriculture constantly undergoes changes
A number of factors are interfering in the weed management, such as the elimination of some older herbicides, the high cost for development and registration of new chemical herbicides, lack of herbicides registered for small markets, the growing problems with resistant weeds to herbicides (Charudattan 2001)
Thirteen bioherbicides derived from microorganisms or natural molecules are currently available on the market: nine are based on fungi, three on bacteria and one based on active substance obtained from natural plant extract (Cordeau et al 2016)
Summary
Future weed management should consider new tools besides those existing, because modern agriculture constantly undergoes changes. Organic and conventional agriculture need tools to manage weeds and reduce their reliance on synthetic herbicides (Cordeau et al 2016). These facts lead to a growing search for new herbicides with safer toxicological and environmental profiles as well as with new modes of action (Dayan and Duke 2014). There are less number of studies focusing on production and formulation of bioherbicides containing microbial molecules in literature Based on these aspects, this study is focused on the bioherbicide production by solid-state fermentation (SSF) using Diaporthe sp. The study was divided into two steps: (1) the fermentation condition for bioherbicide production was assessed; (2) evaluation of different formulations containing palm oil, TweenÒ 80 and SpanÒ 80 in order to increase phytotoxicity
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