Abstract
(94-x)(Na1/2Bi1/2)TiO3-6BaTiO3-x(K1/2Na1/2)NbO3 (NBT-6BT-xKNN) piezoelectric ceramics have notable potential for replacing lead containing piezoelectric ceramics in actuator applications due to their exceptionally large strain. However, a high electric field for producing a large strain and a large hysteresis are critical issues that should be resolved for practical actuator applications. In an attempt to address these issues and optimize the piezoelectric performance, we fabricated NBT-6BT-xKNN (x = 0 - 5) piezoelectric single crystals with a size of 8 x 8x 10 mm by the solid-state single crystal growth method and systematically measured their electrical properties. With increased addition of KNN to replace NBT, the ferroelectricity and piezoelectricity of the fabricated [001] NBT-6BT-xKNN single crystals decreased, but their unipolar strain and hysteresis were considerably improved. For NBT-6BT-5KNN single crystals, the largest maximum strain (Smax) was 0.57% at 6 kV/mm, showing a converse piezoelectric constant (Smax/Emax) of 950 pm/V, and their hysteresis in the unipolar S-E curve was 12% at 6kV/mm, which would be appropriate for some actuator applications. Our results demonstrate the applicability of the produced single crystals as lead-free piezoelectric actuator components.
Highlights
Piezoelectric materials, which can convert electrical energy to mechanical energy, are widely used for sensors and actuators.[1,2] Lead-based ferroelectric and relaxor materials, such as Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 (PZT) and Pb(Mn1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3 (PMN-PT), have extensively been developed and are used for most piezoelectric and electrostrictive devices
A high electric field for producing a large strain and a large hysteresis are critical issues that should be resolved for practical actuator applications
In our previous studies,[15,16] we demonstrated that NBT-based single crystals of a cm-size can be fabricated by the solid-state single crystal growth (SSCG) method
Summary
Piezoelectric materials, which can convert electrical energy to mechanical energy (or vice versa), are widely used for sensors and actuators.[1,2] Lead-based ferroelectric and relaxor materials, such as Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 (PZT) and Pb(Mn1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3 (PMN-PT), have extensively been developed and are used for most piezoelectric and electrostrictive devices. Decreased.[9] Another way to improve the electric-field-induced strain behavior of piezoelectric materials is to use single crystals along a certain crystallographic orientation, as has been demonstrated for relaxor-based ferroelectric single crystals.[11,12,13,14] It is, difficult to fabricate NBT-based single crystals by the melt-growth or solution-growth method because of the incongruent solidification of the compound and the volatilization of low melting point elements, such as Na and Bi, during the process. In our previous studies,[15,16] we demonstrated that NBT-based single crystals of a cm-size can be fabricated by the solid-state single crystal growth (SSCG) method.
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