Solid-phase microextraction with pH adjustment for the determination of aromatic acids and bases in water

Abstract

Adjusting the pH of water samples before performing solid-phase microextraction (SPME) analysis can be used to selectively extract organic acids (at pH 2) and bases (at pH 12). Sorption behavior of test organics is predictable based on the acid dissociation constant in water. In general, polyacrylate (PA) and Carbowax–divinylbenzene (CW–DVB) show substantially higher fiber/water sorption coefficients ( K d values) than a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) coated fiber. Gas chromatography–flame ionization detection (GC–FID) detection limits with the CW–DVB sorbent are ∼0.5 to 10 ng/ml in a 2-ml water sample for a variety of aromatic amines, phenols, and chlorinated phenols, and are ∼1 to 50 ng/ml for the same solutes using the PA sorbent. However, the PA fiber is more selective (depending on the water pH) for the acid or base components than the CW–DVB fiber. With proper pH adjustment, the recovery of spiked aromatic amines and phenols from a surface wetlands water ranged from 73 to 118% of the known values, with a precision (R.S.D.) of ∼5 to 20%. SPME quantitation of phenols in a coal gasification wastewater using a PA fiber also gave excellent agreement with conventional methylene chloride extraction, although continued use of a single fiber with this wastewater led to poorer precision.