Solid phase microextraction of some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons based on hydrogel containing nanohydroxyapatite and modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes composite coated on steel wire followed by GC–MS

Abstract

In this work, a new hydrogel nanocomposite consisting of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (nHA) and modified carbon nanotubes (mCNTs) was successfully fabricated, using a layer-by-layer strategy through the electrodeposition method on a stainless-steel wire. The nanocomposite has a good adhesion onto the steel surface with high thermal stability, a long lifespan, and a porous structure with high extraction capacity. An experimental design approach was used to optimize the fiber coating, and the significant parameters in the Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons’ (PAHs’) extraction. Validation parameters showed that the optimized method has a wide linear range (0.01–0.5 μg/ml), low limits of detection (Naphthalene (Nap) = 0.0026, Fluorene (Flu) = 0.0026 and Anthracene (Ant) = 0.0029 ng, (RSD less than 40%), and average enrichment factor of 96 acceptable repeatability. The developed nanocomposite was successfully applied to extract the PAHs from some real samples including coffee, bread, kebab, hot dog, roast chicken and hookah water. The relative recoveries obtained by spiking the target analytes in food samples were in the range 58.9–92.4%.