Solid Lipid Nanoparticles Administering Antioxidant Grape Seed-Derived Polyphenol Compounds: A Potential Application in Aquaculture.

Adriana Trapani,Giuseppe Fracchiolla,Daniela Erminia Manno,Antonio Serra,Massimo Conese,Francesca Curci,Stefano Castellani,María Ángeles Esteban,Cristóbal Espinosa-Ruiz

doi:10.3390/molecules27020344

Abstract

The supply of nutrients, such as antioxidant agents, to fish cells still represents a challenge in aquaculture. In this context, we investigated solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) composed of a combination of Gelucire® 50/13 and Precirol® ATO5 to administer a grape seed extract (GSE) mixture containing several antioxidant compounds. The combination of the two lipids for the SLN formation resulted in colloids exhibiting mean particle sizes in the range 139–283 nm and zeta potential values in the range +25.6–43.4 mV. Raman spectra and X-ray diffraction evidenced structural differences between the free GSE and GSE-loaded SLN, leading to the conclusion that GSE alters the structure of the lipid nanocarriers. From a biological viewpoint, cell lines from gilthead seabream and European sea bass were exposed to different concentrations of GSE-SLN for 24 h. In general, at appropriate concentrations, GSE-SLN increased the viability of the fish cells. Furthermore, regarding the gene expression in those cells, the expression of antioxidant genes was upregulated, whereas the expression of hsp70 and other genes related to the cytoskeleton was downregulated. Hence, an SLN formulation containing Gelucire® 50/13/Precirol® ATO5 and GSE may represent a compelling platform for improving the viability and antioxidant properties of fish cells.

Highlights

To improve fish nutrition, to date, different diet protocols have been proposed, and in each of them, the presence of antioxidant substances has been crucial to ensure optimal fundamental metabolic processes
We formulated a novel Gelucire® 50/13/Precirol® ATO5based solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) intended as a colloidal vector for the administration of the antioxidant grape seed extract (GSE) to immunocompetent fish cells
The mild melt-emulsification technique provided particles that combined high association efficiency (AE)% of GSE with a reduced crystallinity level regarding the organization of the solid state, as evidenced by X-ray diffraction and Raman spectra

Summary

Introduction

To date, different diet protocols have been proposed, and in each of them, the presence of antioxidant substances has been crucial to ensure optimal fundamental metabolic processes. Apart from single antioxidant molecules such as vitamin E and glutathione, which are already included in fish diet protocols, natural mixtures that include antioxidant compounds can be of interest for fish nutrition if they are adopted as an entire extract without any separation of the active principles. In this context, we previously studied a mixture based on Apulian grape seed extract (GSE) for its favorable antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in human cells due to the relevant pro-anthocyanidin and polyphenol content (Figure 1; in [1,2]). To fects of GSE of were recently evaluated in a zebrafish embryo embryo model [4]

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Discussion

Conclusion