Abstract
Electronic tongue is a sensor array that aims to discriminate and analyze complex media like food and beverages on the base of chemometrics approaches for data mining and pattern recognition. In this review, the concept of electronic tongue comprising of solid-contact potentiometric sensors with polyaniline and thacalix[4]arene derivatives is described. The electrochemical reactions of polyaniline as a background of solid-contact sensors and the characteristics of thiacalixarenes and pillararenes as neutral ionophores are briefly considered. The electronic tongue systems described were successfully applied for assessment of fruit juices, green tea, beer, and alcoholic drinks They were classified in accordance with the origination, brands and styles. Variation of the sensor response resulted from the reactions between Fe(III) ions added and sample components, i.e., antioxidants and complexing agents. The use of principal component analysis and discriminant analysis is shown for multisensor signal treatment and visualization. The discrimination conditions can be optimized by variation of the ionophores, Fe(III) concentration, and sample dilution. The results obtained were compared with other electronic tongue systems reported for the same subjects.
Highlights
Multicomponent analysis of liquid samples is one of frequently mentioned challenges of modern analytical chemistry
The possibility to monitor the antioxidants with the solid-contact ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) based on polyaniline and thiacalix[4]arene ionophores in the presence of Fe(III) ions was confirmed by the analysis of some typical antioxidants like ascorbic, malic and oxalic acids, quercetin, and hydroquinone (Evtugyn et al, 2010)
Solid-contact ISEs with the macrocyclic ionophores offer broad opportunities for assessment of various foodstuffs on the base of antioxidant content and for their discrimination by brand name or origination. Such Electronic Tongue” (ET) applications coincide well with previously published examples obtained with other potentiometric multisensors
Summary
Multicomponent analysis of liquid samples is one of frequently mentioned challenges of modern analytical chemistry. The potentiometric sensor arrays first involved conventional ISEs based on glass and chalcogenide glass membranes (Di Natale et al, 1996) Such an approach resulted in necessity of too many individual ISEs to establish necessary cross-selectivity and discriminate ionic species present in the sample. Multi-purpose ET systems with lower number of ISEs will simplify their operation outside chemical laboratory and accelerate data processing based on statistical methods of data mining and pattern recognition In this respect, the use of macrocyclic ionophores together with polyaniline as a platform for solid-contact potentiometric sensors is very promising in the ET systems design due to the compact and machining design and prospects of tuning both selectivity and sensitivity of response toward different species and complex media. Own and literary data related to the use of polyaniline sensors with macrocyclic ionophores in the analysis of foodstuffs and beverages are summarized
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