Abstract
LiMn2O4 and LiCuxCryMn2-x-yO4 (x = 0.50; y = 0.05 - 0.50) powders have been synthesized via sol-gel method for the first time using Myristic acid as chelating agent. The synthesized samples have been taken to physical and electrochemical characterization such as thermo gravimetric analysis (TG/DTA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electrochemical characterization viz., electrochemical galvanostatic cycling studies, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and differential capacity curves (dQ/dE). XRD patterns of LiMn2O4 and LiCuxCryMn2-x-yO4 confirm high degree of crystallinity with good phase purity. FESEM image of undoped pristine spinel lucidly depicts cauliflower morphology with good agglomerated particle size of 50 nm while 0.5-Cu doped samples depict the pebbles morphology. TEM images of the spinel LiMn2O4 and LiCu0.5Cr0.05Mn1.45O4 authenticate that all the synthesized particles via sol-gel method are nano-sized (100 nm) with spherical surface and cloudy particles morphology. The LiMn2O4 samples calcined at 850℃ deliver the high discharge capacity of 130 mA·h/g with cathodic efficiency of 88% corresponds to 94% columbic efficiency in the first cycle. Among all four compositions studied, LiCu0.5Cr0.05Mn1.45O4 delivers 124 mA·h/g during the first cycle and shows stable performance with a low capacity fade of 1.1 mA·h/g cycle over the investigated 10 cycles.
Highlights
Spinel LiMn2O4 has been zeroed in attractive and promising cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries owing to its high voltages, proper Mn3+/Mn4+ redox potential, high energy densities and high power densities
Spinel LiMn2O4 and Zn, Co, Ni and substituted LiMn2O4 synthesized via facile sol-gel method to improve the electrochemical and structural properties of LiMn2O4 spinel based on electrode materials for Li-ion batteries [17]
Another two regions are observed between 100 V and 350 ̊C extending with maximum weight loss of 45% may be assigned to the decomposition of chelating agent (Myristic acid) and acetate precursors
Summary
Spinel LiMn2O4 has been zeroed in attractive and promising cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries owing to its high voltages, proper Mn3+/Mn4+ redox potential, high energy densities and high power densities. In order to overcome the problem of Jahn-Teller distortion for obtaining the high capacity retention, several researchers have investigated earlier lithium rich spinels with various divalent, trivalent and tetravalent-doped ions such as Cr, Fe, Zn, Cu, Ga, Co, Al, Ni and Ti [10]. Low temperature synthesis methods viz., sol-gel [13] [14], chemical precipitation [15], hydrothermal and pechini process [16] have been used to obtain cathode materials with expected physical and electrochemical properties to use in lithium-ion batteries.
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