Abstract
High-energy superhalo electrons are present in the interplanetary medium (IPM) even in the absence of any significant solar activity, carrying important information on electron acceleration in the solar wind. We present a statistical survey of ~20–200 keV superhalo electrons measured at 1 AU by the WIND 3D Plasma & Energetic Particle instrument during quiet-time periods from 1995 January through 2013 December. The selected 242 quiet-time samples mostly occur during the rising, maximum and decay phases of solar cycles. The observed omnidirectional differential flux of these quiet-time superhalo electrons generally fits to a power-law spectrum , with β ranging from ~1.6 to ~3.7 and the integrated density nsup ranging from 10−8 to 10−5 cm−3. In solar cycle 23 (24), the distribution of β has a broad maximum between 2.4 and 2.8 (2.0 and 2.4). Both β and the logarithm of nsup show no obvious correlation with sunspot number, solar flares, solar wind core population, etc. These superhalo electrons may form a quiet-time energetic electron background/reservoir in the IPM. We propose that they may originate from nonthermal processes related to the acceleration of the solar wind such as nanoflares, or could be formed in the IPM due to further acceleration and/or long-distance propagation effects.
Published Version
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