Abstract
A number of applications of battery energy storage in photovoltaic installations have been analyzed. The use of lead/acid batteries enhances the efficiency and reduces the cost. Some aspects of automatic charge/discharge control have been discussed. The rate of variation of the battery voltage can be used to determine the state-of-charge. This is based upon fundamental battery characteristics related to the kinetics of the lead/acid system. Although the cost of solar cells is still quite high, photovoltaic energy systems are competitive, not only in small remote installations, but also in large industrial applications. The wide range of working conditions necessitates precise evaluations of the solar array, but no particular problems appear to exist for the battery and the peripheral equipment.
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