Solar activity, volcanic dust and temperature: Statistical relationships since 1160 A. D.

Abstract

Annual, decadal and low-pass filtered annual data of Central England temperature since 1660, northern hemisphere temperature anomalies since 1881, Crete ice core oxygen isotope ratio since 1160, solar activity since 1160 and volcanic dust concentration since 1500 are analysed in respect to their variability and statistical relationships. An empirical relation between sunspot number and solar irradiation is taken into consideration as well. Estimates of spectral variance and of correlation involving partial and multiple techniques are presented.