Abstract
TiO2 nanopowders were produced by sol-gel technique using TiCl4 as a starting material. For the preparation of crystalline anatase with developed surface area, this aqueous solution has been mixed with 0.05 M or 0.07 M (NH4)2SO4 solution in a temperature-controlled bath. The pH values of the suspension were 7, 8 or 9. According to the x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis the anatase crystallite sizes were about 12 nm, which coincided with the average particle size revealed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The Raman scattering measurements have shown the presence of a small amount of highly disordered brookite phase in addition to dominant anatase phase with similar nanostructure in all synthesized powders. BET measurements revealed that all synthesized catalysts were fully mesoporous, except the sample synthesized with 0.07 M (NH4)2SO4 at pH=9, which had small amount of micropores. The photocatalytic degradation of herbicide Clomazone was carried out for both the pure active substance and as the commercial product (GAMIT 4-EC) under UV irradiation. The best photocatalytic efficiency was obtained for the catalyst with the largest specific surface area, confirming this parameter as crucial for enhanced photocatalytic degradation of the pure active substance and commercial product of herbicide Clomazone.
Highlights
Nanocrystalline titanium dioxide (TiO2) is probably the most studied nanomaterials due to stability of its chemical structure, biocompatibility, optical, electronic, porous, andA
Our experiments have shown that 69 % of initial Clomazone amount was degraded after 60 min of photodegradation reaction, whereas only 55 % of initial substance was removed when the commercial product GAMIT 4-EC was treated (Figs. 8 and 9)
TiO2 nanopowders were prepared by sol-technique using TiCl4 as a starting material and (NH4)2SO4 for obtaining nanopowders with developed specific surface area
Summary
Nanocrystalline titanium dioxide (TiO2) is probably the most studied nanomaterials due to stability of its chemical structure, biocompatibility, optical, electronic, porous, and. The Clomazone (2-[(2-chlorophenyl) methyl]-4, 4-dimethyl-3-isoxazolidinone, CAS 81777-89-1) is herbicide which has been applied against different kind of weeds for many years It is highly water soluble (1.100 g/l), weakly to moderately persistent in soil with halflife ranging from 5 to 60 days, depending on the soil type and environmental conditions, weakly sorptive to soil (Kd = 0.47-5.30 mg/l), with organic carbon partition coefficient Koc of 150 mg/l [6, 7]. The results of XRD analysis and Raman scattering measurements have shown similar structural and compositional properties of produced nanopowders, whereas BET measurements have revealed considerable variation in their specific surface area This allowed us to systematically investigate the influence of developed specific surface area of synthesized TiO2 catalysts on photodegradation of both pure active substance and the commercial product with the same active ingredients (Clomazone). Technical substance Clomazone was purchased from Shenzhen Yancheng Chemicals Co., China, with decelerated purity of 95 % (min.), whereas Gamit 4-EC (emulsifiable concentrate, active ingredient Clomazone 480 g/L, producer: FMC Corporation, USA) were used as commercial product
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