Abstract
With the growing demands for bone implant therapy, titanium (Ti) and its alloys are considered as appropriate choices for the load-bearing bone implant substitutes. However, the interaction of bare Ti-based implants with the tissues is critical to the success of the implants for long-term stability. Thus, surface modifications of Ti implants with biocompatible hydroxyapatite (HAp) coatings before implantation is important and gained interest. Sol-gel is a potential technique for deposition the biocompatible HAp and has many advantages over other methods. Therefore, this review strives to provide widespread overview on the recent development of sol-gel HAp deposition on Ti. This study shows that sol-gel technique was able to produce uniform and homogenous HAp coatings and identified the role of surface pretreatment of Ti substrate, optimizing the sol-gel parameters, substitution, and reinforcement of HAp on improving the coating properties. Critical factors that influence on the characteristics of the deposited sol-gel HAp films as corrosion resistance, adhesion to substrate, bioactivity, morphological, and structural properties are discussed. The review also highlights the critical issues, the most significant challenges, and the areas requiring further research.
Highlights
Over 90% of the elderly populations of the world are suffering from bone-related trauma, such as osteoporosis, bone cancers, rheumatoid arthritis, or accidents, which require replacement procedures for the spinal, hip, and knee with biomaterials [1]
The most common grade of biomedical titanium alloys that utilized in bone replacement is grade 5 which is referred as Ti6Al4V with composition of 6% Al and 4% V, addition of these elements can significantly improve the mechanical strength of the titanium alloy due to their role of acting as stabilizers of the α + β phases of titanium [9]
Liu and Ji [137] successfully deposited dense and crack-free hydroxyapatite reinforced with Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on Ti substrate by sol-gel method
Summary
Over 90% of the elderly populations of the world are suffering from bone-related trauma, such as osteoporosis, bone cancers, rheumatoid arthritis, or accidents, which require replacement procedures for the spinal, hip, and knee with biomaterials [1]. The most promising types of the implantable metallic biomaterials are titanium and its alloys, stainless steel and cobalt chromium alloys Among these materials, titanium and its alloys attracted high importance due to its highest biocompatibility among other alloys, alongside with its combination of high mechanical properties, excellent corrosion resistance high strength and relatively low weight [4,5]. These materials recognized as a foreign body and isolated in a fibrotic capsule, the osseointegration is hampered and regeneration of natural bone is impossible [9,15] All these limitations were the driving force towards developing methods for functionalization, the surfaces of the Ti implant by modifying the morphology, composition and structure of their surfaces leaving intact the mechanical properties [16]. Deposition of HAp films on metallic-based implants advanced the orthopedic applications by production of biomaterials that combine the appropriate mechanical properties and the high biocompatibility and bioactivity. Deposition of high quality HAp coating that could satisfy the standards is an essential challenge
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