Abstract
Various existing methods are described for predicting live load effects in conduit walls of soil-steel structures (also referred to as long-span metal culverts). Also described are three live load tests on in-service soil-steel structures. In light of the test results, the current methods are overly conservative. The test results confirm that the metallic shell undergoes little bending, especially if the conduit is circular. The impact factor is not negligible even if the depth of cover is larger than 3 ft. An improved simplified method is presented to calculate the conduit wall thrust due to live loads.
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