Abstract
BackgroundSoil-transmitted helminths (STHs) and Plasmodium falciparum infections remain public health problems in Cameroon. A cross-sectional study was carried out in the Mount Cameroon area to determine the prevalence and intensity of STHs and P. falciparum infections in individuals living in different agroecosystems; to assess the influence of these infections on haematological parameters; and to identify the risk factors associated with STH infections.MethodsSTH and malaria parasites were detected using the Kato-Katz method and Giemsa staining of blood films, respectively. Complete blood count values were obtained using an automatic haematology analyser. Soil samples were analysed using the sucrose floatation sedimentation method. Categorical and continuous variables were compared as required and logistic regression models were used to assess the risk factors for STH infections and anaemia.ResultsOf the 450 participants examined, STHs, P. falciparum and mixed co-infections were detected in 14.0, 33.3 and 5.6% of participants, respectively. Significantly higher prevalences of Ascaris (18.8%) and Trichuris (7.9%) infections were observed in participants from tea plantation areas compared to those from banana and palm plantation areas, with similar trends in egg density. P. falciparum prevalence and parasite density were comparable between the different agroecosystems. The overall prevalence of anaemia was 64.2%. The prevalence of haematological manifestations such as moderate (48.0%) and severe (8.0%) anaemia, leucopenia (26.9%) and microcytosis (30.8%) was significantly higher among Plasmodium-STH co-infected participants. Soil samples from plantations showed the highest prevalences of STH eggs compared to soil samples from areas around pit toilets and public water taps. Living in a tea plantation area (OR = 3.07), age (AOR = 1.49) and lack of access to potable water (OR = 2.25) were identified as risk factors for STH infections, while the age groups 15–25 years (OR = 2.928) and 26–35 years (OR = 2.832), and being female (OR = 2.671) were significant risk factors for anaemia.ConclusionsSTHs, malaria and anaemia are still of public health concern in plantation communities. Co-infections negatively influence haematological parameters. The tea farming agroecosystem, age and lack of access to potable water were identified as significant risk factors for STH infections.Trial registrationNot applicable.
Highlights
Soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) and Plasmodium falciparum infections remain public health problems in Cameroon
Malaria remains the primary reason for consultation in health facilities in Cameroon; it is responsible for 31% of consultations, 44% of hospitalisations as well as 18% of deaths occurring in health facilities in the country
Previous studies have shown that malaria-helminth co-infection patterns vary between different agroecosystems [13], the need to further investigate these co-infections in different agro-ecological settings
Summary
Soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) and Plasmodium falciparum infections remain public health problems in Cameroon. Several studies have shown that STH infections and malaria have remained endemic in many parts of the tropical world [5, 6] due to poverty [7], socio-economic problems and behavioural attributes [8]. Environmental factors such as the presence of bushes, stagnant water, poor sanitation, rainfall, low altitude and high temperatures may favour the growth and transmission of malaria parasites [9, 10]. The lack of epidemiological data on STH and Plasmodium infections in rural farming communities hinders the development of informed policy on an already marginalised population
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