Soil quality audit for resource conservation in Indian agriculture

Abstract

Indian agricultural enterprise is one of the largest in terms of human capital and area of operation. It covers approximately 144 mha arable land, more than 60% of the population, and accounts for 40 % of the GDP. Hence its role in overall economic ecological and social development is very critical. Indian agricultural scene is a mix of traditional, low input, subsistence agriculture by the resource-poor farmer and science-based, high-input intensive farming by the rich farmers. Both of them have a share in the impairment of the environment. Because pockets of very high input cultivation are still limited, the pollution due to agricultural waste, excess fertilizers and pesticides are still not as wide-spread and alarming as they are in the west. Soil loss and degradation is the most serious environmental concern generated by the harsh geographical features of the country and by agricultural enterprises, both exacerbated by over-straining animal and human population. Almost 70% of the geographical area is prone to water and wind erosion and other stresses. 5334 million tonnes of soil is eroded annually and 5.3-8.4 million tonnes of the plant nutrients are lost. If this trend continues, one-third of the arable land is likely to be lost. For the fragile and slopy lands, soil conservation measures are being taken up on an extensive scale through water shed approach. These, however, have not been very effective or friendly for over 78% of the small and marginal farmers. Soil Quality, a holistic concept encompassing productivity, environmental quality, and human and animal health, has been developed recently for validating and auditing sustainable agriculture. Several physical, chemical and biological indicators like pH, EC, nutrient status, infiltration rate, soil structure, soil organic carbon etc. have been identified as indicators for measuring soil quality. This approach can be initiated in some places in India to monitor the negative impacts of certain currently prevailing agricultural practices, and facilitate sustainable agriculture through alternate farming protocols. Locale specific, farmer-friendly and conducive packages should be evolved monitored and evaluated in collaboration with the small farmer so that soil resources are conserved or upgraded for future generations.