Soil organic matter dynamics and land use change at a grassland/forest ecotone

Abstract

In the grassland/forest ecotone of North America, many areas are experiencing afforestation and subsequent shifts in ecosystem carbon (C) stocks. Ecosystem scientists commonly employ a suite of techniques to examine how such land use changes can impact soil organic matter (SOM) forms and dynamics. This study employs four such techniques to compare SOM in grassland ( Bromus inermis) and recently forested (∼35 year, Ulmus spp. and Quercus spp.) sites with similar soil types and long-term histories in Kansas, USA. The work examines C and nitrogen (N) parameters in labile and recalcitrant SOM fractions isolated via size and density fractionation, acid hydrolysis, and long-term incubations. Size fractionation highlighted differences between grassland and forested areas. N concentration of forested soils’ 63–212 μm fraction was higher than corresponding grassland soils’ values (3.0±0.3 vs. 2.3±0.3 mg g fraction −1, P<0.05), and N concentration of grassland soils’ 212–2000 μm fraction was higher than forested soils (3.0±0.4 vs. 2.3±0.2 mg g fraction −1, P<0.05). Similar trends were observed for these same fractions for C concentration; forested soils exhibited 1.3 times the C concentration in the 63–212 μm fraction compared to this fraction in grassland soils. Fractions separated via density separation and acid hydrolysis exhibited no differences in [C], [N], δ 15N, or δ 13C when compared across land use types. Plant litterfall from forested sites possessed significantly greater N concentrations than that from grassland sites (12.41±0.10 vs. 11.62±0.19 mg g litter −1). Long-term incubations revealed no differences in C or N dynamics between grassland and forested soils. δ 13C and δ 15N values of the smallest size and the heavier density fractions, likely representing older and more recalcitrant SOM, were enriched compared to younger and more labile SOM fractions; δ 15N of forested soils’ 212–2000 μm fraction were higher than corresponding grassland soils (1.7±0.3‰ vs. 0.5±0.4‰). δ 13C values of acid hydrolysis fractions likely reflect preferential losses of 13C-depleted compounds during hydrolysis. Though C and N data from size fractions were most effective at exhibiting differences between grassland and forested soils, no technique conclusively indicates consistent changes in SOM dynamics with forest growth on these soils. The study also highlights some of the challenges associated with describing SOM parameters, particularly δ 13C, in SOM fractions isolated by acid hydrolysis.