Abstract
The effects of fertilizers and tillage on soil organic carbon (SOC) storage have been tested in many field experiments worldwide. However, conflicting findings have been reported in the literature about the long‐term effects of nitrogen (N) fertilization on the profile distribution of SOC, N, and phosphorus (P) concentrations and stocks. To determine the carbon (C), N, and P changes occurring after long‐term N fertilization at different levels, SOC, soil total N (TN), soil total P (TP), and soil bulk density were measured in a long‐term N fertilization experiment (2004–2013) using two winter wheat cultivars and five N application rates. The findings showed that (i) N fertilization affected the C and N distribution at the 0–120 cm soil depth, whereas the effect on P was mainly in the 0–30 cm soil layer; additionally, C, N, and P levels were positively correlated in the 0–30 cm layer, but the relationship weakened as the soil depth increased. (ii) N fertilization had a large influence on C, N, and P stocks and these influences varied for the different wheat cultivars. Wheat cropping with an N fertilizer rate <270 kg ha−1resulted in C fixation in the soil after long‐term N fertilization, but when N was applied in excess of the crop requirements for the maximum yield, the soil became a C source; moreover, after long‐term N fertilization, the stock of N was decreased, and the stock of P was increased.
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