Soil Nutrient Assessment and Characterization in a Degraded Central Florida Swamp

Abstract

Flatford Swamp, a 2800-acre forested wetland in east Manatee County, Florida, serves as the headwaters of the Myakka River. Over the last two decades, Flatford swamp has experienced significant tree mortality. The cause of this mortality, as well as dramatic encroachment of several invasive herbaceous and shrub species, is thought to be linked to hydrologic alterations that resulted in increased inundation during the wet and dry seasons. A biogeochemical characterization of wetland soils was conducted to (1) establish a baseline spatial distribution of soil P and N in Flatford Swamp, (2) determine if soil biogeochemistry could be related to tree mortality, and (3) determine if soil biogeochemical conditions may affect future restoration efforts. Mean total nitrogen and total carbon in sampled soils ranged from 13.8 to 24.9 mg kg−1 and 211 to 468 mg kg−1, respectively, indicating that soils are predominantly organic. Environmental conditions suggest that the nitrate-reduction process occurs readily in Flatford Swamp, and thus N abatement will continue naturally during restoration. Soil total phosphorus content is significantly higher than expected and is likely one of several contributing factors that led to observed changes in vegetation community structure. Levels of total sulfur, total calcium, and conductivity, indicative of agricultural use of groundwater for irrigation, suggest sulfide toxicity as a plausible contributing mechanism in the observed dieback of Nyssa sylvatica var. biflora.