Abstract
Soil is the principal habitat and reservoir of fungi that act on ecological processes vital for life on Earth. Understanding soil fungal community structures and the patterns of species distribution is crucial, considering climatic change and the increasing anthropic impacts affecting nature. We evaluated the soil fungal diversity in southeastern Brazil, in a transitional region that harbors patches of distinct biomes and ecoregions. The samples originated from eight habitats, namely: semi-deciduous forest, Brazilian savanna, pasture, coffee and sugarcane plantation, abandoned buildings, owls’ and armadillos’ burrows. Forty-four soil samples collected in two periods were evaluated by metagenomic approaches, focusing on the high-throughput DNA sequencing of the ITS2 rDNA region in the Illumina platform. Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was used for vegetation cover analysis. NDVI values showed a linear relationship with both diversity and richness, reinforcing the importance of a healthy vegetation for the establishment of a diverse and complex fungal community. The owls’ burrows presented a peculiar fungal composition, including high rates of Onygenales, commonly associated with keratinous animal wastes, and Trichosporonales, a group of basidiomycetous yeasts. Levels of organic matter and copper influenced all guild communities analyzed, supporting them as important drivers in shaping the fungal communities’ structures.
Highlights
The kingdom Fungi encompasses a legion of heterotrophic and eukaryotic organisms, considered essential for all life on Earth [1,2]
Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) values around one, which correspond to healthy vegetation, were found in forested areas like armadillos’ burrows (AB) and semi-deciduous forest (SSF) samples
Values were found in owls’ burrows (OB) and abandoned rural buildings (ABB) samples, showing a sparsely vegetated area associated to anthropized environment
Summary
The kingdom Fungi encompasses a legion of heterotrophic and eukaryotic organisms, considered essential for all life on Earth [1,2]. Besides acting as the primary decomposers of organic matter, fungi play key roles as mutualists and pathogens, both of autotrophs and heterotrophs, including mammals [3,4] Despite their recognized importance for ecology, agriculture, biotechnology, human and animal health, some basic and fundamental aspects of fungal biology remain incompletely elucidated. The Northern and Southern hemispheres present clear biogeographical effects on the fungal kingdom, as with plants and animals, according to Gondwanan origins [15] Bioclimatic components such as mean annual temperature and precipitation, latitude effect and vegetation are key drivers of fungal diversity and distribution patterns on a global scale [14,17,21]
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