Abstract
Aim. To determine the main regularities in the formation of soil moisture potential, the accumulation and exploita- tion of soil resources of productive moisture by agricultural crops under the cultivation in the ecosystems of dif- ferent crop rotations in the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. Field, permanent, laboratory, analytic, statistical methods. Results. During a short-term grain-row crop rotation, the total loss of available moisture without the introduction of mineral fertilizers was 317 mm, and in the variant with fertilizers it increased by 107 %. The total loss of moisture under different ways of tillage in the variants without any fertilizers was the lowest for the surface tillage and increased 1.05 times for ploughing and 1.08 times for deep tillage. After the introduction of fertilizers, the total loss of moisture increased by 23.0 mm or 107 % on average. In case of long-term (10–36 years) surface tillage, the efficiency of using the reserves of productive moisture increased by 25–40 % and the coefficients of water consumption of crops decreased by 35–40 %. Conclusions. Short-term crop rotations were found to be more productive, and the relation between energy accumulation in dry matter, the yield of fodder and cereal units and energy accumulation in the yield per 10 t of used productive (available) moisture was at the level of strong direct correlation (R>+0.70). Regression coefficients for the variables: dry matter, fodder and cereal units, dry matter per 10 t of moisture in dependence equations were 3.06, 1.25, 7.25, and 2.89 times higher, respectively, as compared with long-term crop rotations, which demonstrated 2.59-fold increased productivity and use of the total moisture circulation in short-term crop rotations as compared with long-term ones.
Highlights
Due to unstable moisturization in the Forest-Steppe zone of Ukraine, the level of water availability for soil and crops is one of the decisive factors of productivity formation in modern agrophytocenoses
AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE AND PRACTICE Vol 8 No 2 2021 al, 2016; Novikov VM, 2014; Krasilnikova TМ, 2016) The study of the regularities of the ascending movement of soil moisture during evaporation is necessary to substantiate and elaborate rational crop rotations and soil tillage systems, aimed at reducing the losses of soil moisture for physical evaporation which would facilitate the evaluation of soil conditions of available moisture and nutrients (Litvinov DV, 2015)
One of the most important factors for the formation and increase in the yield of agricultural crops under unstable moisturization in the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine is the accumulation and efficient use of the moisture from atmospheric precipitation which is a relevant abiotic factor, limiting the productivity of field crops; water deficiency in soil during the vegetation of field crops leads to the decrease in the efficiency of the mineral fertilizers, the system of plant protection from pests, etc. (Ivashchenko OO, 2018)
Summary
Due to unstable moisturization in the Forest-Steppe zone of Ukraine, the level of water availability for soil and crops is one of the decisive factors of productivity formation in modern agrophytocenoses. One of the most important factors for the formation and increase in the yield of agricultural crops under unstable moisturization in the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine is the accumulation and efficient use of the moisture from atmospheric precipitation which is a relevant abiotic factor, limiting the productivity of field crops; water deficiency in soil during the vegetation of field crops leads to the decrease in the efficiency of the mineral fertilizers, the system of plant protection from pests, etc. In the subzone of unstable moisturization, the management of intake and loss of moisture in soil should be done via optimal selection and rotation of crops in the rotations which would ensure the most efficient use of available moisture and replenishment of its resources (Akimenko AS, 2015, 2018, 2019; Soderbaum P et al, 2011; Fredlund DG et al, 1993; Pidgeon JD et al, 2001; Richter GM et al, 2001; Ober E.S et al, 2002; Hamlyn GJ, 2007; Baigy MJ et al, 2012; Konishchuk VV et al, 2018)
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