Soil Microbiome Response to Contamination with Bisphenol A, Bisphenol F and Bisphenol S.

Magdalena Zaborowska,Jadwiga Wyszkowska,Agata Borowik

doi:10.3390/ijms21103529

Magdalena Zaborowska, Jadwiga Wyszkowska + Show 1 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21103529

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Abstract

The choice of the study objective was affected by numerous controversies and concerns around bisphenol F (BPF) and bisphenol S (BPS)—analogues of bisphenol A (BPA). The study focused on the determination and comparison of the scale of the BPA, BPF, and BPS impact on the soil microbiome and its enzymatic activity. The following parameters were determined in soil uncontaminated and contaminated with BPA, BPF, and BPS: the count of eleven groups of microorganisms, colony development (CD) index, microorganism ecophysiological diversity (EP) index, genetic diversity of bacteria and activity of dehydrogenases (Deh), urease (Ure), catalase (Cat), acid phosphatase (Pac), alkaline phosphatase (Pal), arylsulphatase (Aryl) and β-glucosidase (Glu). Bisphenols A, S and F significantly disrupted the soil homeostasis. BPF is regarded as the most toxic, followed by BPS and BPA. BPF and BPS reduced the abundance of Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria and increased that of Actinobacteria. Unique types of bacteria were identified as well as the characteristics of each bisphenol: Lysobacter, Steroidobacter, Variovorax, Mycoplana, for BPA, Caldilinea, Arthrobacter, Cellulosimicrobium and Promicromonospora for BPF and Dactylosporangium Geodermatophilus, Sphingopyxis for BPS. Considering the strength of a negative impact of bisphenols on the soil biochemical activity, they can be arranged as follows: BPS > BPF > BPA. Urease and arylsulphatase proved to be the most susceptible and dehydrogenases the least susceptible to bisphenols pressure, regardless of the study duration.

Highlights

Twentieth-century chemical synthesis created conditions for the production of plasticisers, and in consequence, of their components [1]
The time had the greatest impact on the count of oligotrophic bacteria (51%) and fungi (41.48%), whereas the type of bisphenol had the greatest impact on the count of the cellulolytic bacteria (67.02%) and Pseudomonas sp. (51.07%)
Bisphenol stimulated an increase in the count of all groups of microorganisms except for the cellulolytic bacteria and Azotobacter sp. on day 30 of the experiment (Table 2)

Summary

Introduction

Twentieth-century chemical synthesis created conditions for the production of plasticisers, and in consequence, of their components [1]. Sixteen BPA analogues have been used in the chemical industry with bisphenol S (BPS) and bisphenol F (BPF) being its chief substitutes [1,5]. According to Molina-Molina et al [6], the toxicity of the bisphenols decreases with the increasing polarity of their molecules. Bisphenol F (BPF) is obtained in the process of phenol hydroxyalkylation and formaldehyde catalysis. Bisphenol F (BPF) differs from BPA by the absence of two methyl groups bound to the central carbon atom of its molecule that results in its lower polarity. Because of the presence of two phenolic groups on each side of the sulphonic group, BPS has a similar chemical structure to BPA, but higher thermal stability [9,10]. Bisphenol A (BPA) is formed by condensation of an acetone molecule and two molecules of phenol, catalysed by hydrogen chloride or an ion-exchange resin [11]

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