Soil microbial community as bioindicator of the recovery of soil functioning derived from metal phytoextraction with sorghum

Abstract

A three-month microcosm study was carried out in order to evaluate: (i) the capacity of sorghum plants to phytoextract Cd (50 mg kg −1) and Zn (1000 mg kg −1) from artificially polluted soil and (ii) the possibility of biomonitoring the efficiency of phytoremediation using parameters related to the size, activity and functional diversity of the soil microbial community. Apart from plant and soil (total and bioavailable) metal concentrations, the following parameters were determined: soil physicochemical properties (pH, OM content, electrical conductivity, total N, and extractable P and K), dehydrogenase activity, basal- and substrate-induced respiration (with glucose and a model rhizodeposit solution, both adjusted to 800 mg C kg −1 DW soil and 45.2 mg N kg −1 DW soil), microbial respiration quotient, functional diversity through community level physiological profiles and, finally, seed germination toxicity tests with Lepidium sativum. Sorghum plants were highly tolerant to metal pollution and capable of reaching high biomass values in the presence of metals. In the first two harvests, values of shoot Cd concentrations were higher than 100 mg Cd kg −1 DW, the threshold value for hyperaccumulators. Nonetheless, in the third harvest, the bioconcentration factor was 1.34 and 0.35 for Cd and Zn, respectively, well below the threshold value of 10 considered for a phytoextraction process to be feasible. In general, microbial parameters showed lower values in metal polluted than in control non-polluted soils, and higher values in planted than in control unplanted pots. As a result of the phytoextraction process, which includes both plant growth and metal phytoextraction, the functioning of the phytoremediated soil, as reflected by the values of the different microbial parameters here determined, was restored. Most importantly, although the phytoextracted soil recovered its function, it was still more phytotoxic than the control non-polluted soil.