Abstract
Soil liquefaction is one of the most complicated phenomena to assess in geotechnical earthquake engineering. The conventional procedures developed to determine the liquefaction potential of sandy soil deposits can be categorized into three main groups: Stress-based, strain-based, and energy-based procedures. The main advantage of the energy-based approach over the remaining two methods is the fact that it considers the effects of strain and stress concurrently unlike the stress or strain-based methods. Several liquefaction evaluation procedures and approaches have been developed relating the capacity energy to the initial soil parameters, such as the relative density, initial effective confining pressure, fine contents, and soil textural properties. In this study, based on the capacity energy database by Baziar et al. (2011), analyses have been carried out on a total of 405 previously published tests using soft computing approaches, including Ridge, Lasso & LassoCV, Random Forest, eXtreme Gradient Boost (XGBoost), and Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines (MARS) approaches, to assess the capacity energy required to trigger liquefaction in sand and silty sands. The results clearly prove the capability of the proposed models and the capacity energy concept to assess liquefaction resistance of soils. It is also proposed that these approaches should be used as cross-validation against each other. The result shows that the capacity energy is most sensitive to the relative density.
Highlights
Liquefaction is a catastrophic ground failure, which usually occurs in loose saturated soil deposits under earthquake excitations
The input feature importance of a Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (Lasso) model can be evaluated through the weight coefficient using the L1 -norm based sparse linear model or using the approach known as analysis of variance (ANOVA) decomposition
It was found that when α was between 0.1 and 0.001, the root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), and coefficient of determination curves remained almost constant in both the training and testing set
Summary
Liquefaction is a catastrophic ground failure, which usually occurs in loose saturated soil deposits under earthquake excitations. A strain-based approach which originated frompressure the model of two grainDobry systemetand thensuggested extend to the actual soil layers. Of sand type, relative density, initial effective pressure, and sample preparation method This strain-based approach is less popular than the stress-based procedure because it is much more difficult to estimate the cyclic strain compared with the cyclic shear stress [15]. Davis and Berrill [16] introduced an energy-based approach for liquefaction potential assessment. The energy-based method buildup hadbasic direct seismic dissipated in the unit volume of soil. Total strain energy at the onset of The liquefaction based method absorbs the basic of both the stress and strain approach. A-B-C-D represents the dissipated energy per unit volume for a kth stress cycle.
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