Soil heavy metal contamination and acid deposition: experimental approach on two forest soils in Hunan, Southern China

Abstract

In 1985, a tailing dam collapsed in Hunan province (southern China) leading to soil contamination by heavy metals from the tailings waste. Moreover, acid deposition becomes more and more serious in this area. In this context, two forest soils (a red soil and a yellow red soil, typically and commonly found in southern China) were collected from Hunan. The objectives are (i) to determine releases and changes in speciation fractions of heavy metals (especially Cd, Cu, and Zn) when the soils are contaminated with heavy metals and affected by simulated acid deposition, and (ii) to study effects of soil heavy metals and acid deposition on releases of soil Ca 2+, Mg 2+, and Al 3+. The soil samples were soaked in the solutions of CdCl 2, CuCl 2, and ZnCl 2 for 15 days to make contaminated soils containing 200 mg kg −1 of Cd, Cu, and Zn. Then the contaminated soils and the original soils were extracted with five simulated acid deposition solutions (pH ranged from 5.6 to 3.0 and total dissolved salts increased). The experimental results indicate that acid deposition leads to great releases of soil heavy metals due to complicated soil chemical processes, mostly cation exchange and partly dissolution of minerals at pH lower than 4.2. These released heavy metals come mainly from soil exchangeable pools and other labile fractions. Releases of heavy metals are closely controlled by pH values or, in some cases, total cation contents in acid deposition; meanwhile, concentrations of heavy metals are negatively related to the relevant pH values in soil equilibrium solutions when pH values are in a range of 4.2–5.1. From the point of view of heavy metal releases, Zn is the most sensitive to acid deposition, followed by Cd and Cu. Compared with the original soils, the contaminated soils could probably release more base cations Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ and less Al 3+. Greater amounts of Cd, Cu, Zn, and Al released from Soil B show that this soil is more sensitive to acid deposition, and we could expect serious environmental contamination in Soil B area if mining activities and acid deposition are not under control in the future.