Abstract
Proximal sensing is being integrated into vineyard management as it provides rapid assessments of spatial variability of soils’ and plants’ features. The electromagnetic induction (EMI) technology is used to measure soil apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) with proximal sensing and enables to appraise soil characteristics and their possible effects on plant physiological responses. This study was conducted in a micro irrigated Cabernet Sauvignon (Vitis vinifera L.) vineyard to investigate the technical feasibility of appraising plant water status and its spatial variability using soil ECa and must carbon isotope ratio analysis (δ13C). Soil temperature and soil water content were monitored in-situ using time domain reflectometry (TDR) sensors. Soil ECa was measured with EMI at two depths [0–1.5 m (deep ECa) and 0–0.75 m (shallow ECa)] over the course of the crop season to capture the temporal dynamics and changes. At the study site, the main physical and chemical soil characteristics, i.e. soil texture, gravel, pore water electrical conductivity (ECe), organic carbon, and soil water content at field capacity, were determined from samples collected auguring the soil at equidistant points that were identified using a regular grid. Midday stem water potential (Ψstem) and leaf gas exchange, including stomatal conductance (gs), net carbon assimilation (An), and intrinsic water use efficiency (WUEi) were measured periodically in the vineyard. The δ13C of produced musts was measured at harvest. The results indicated that soil water content (relative importance = 24%) and texture (silt: relative importance = 22.4% and clay: relative importance = 18.2%) were contributing the most towards soil ECa. Deep soil ECa was directly related to Ψstem (r2 = 0.7214) and gs (r2 = 0.5007). Likewise, δ13C of must was directly related to Ψstem (r2 = 0.9127), gs (r2 = 0.6985), and An (r2 = 0.5693). Results from this work provided relevant information on the possibility of using spatial soil ECa sensing and δ13C analysis to infer plant water status and leaf gas exchange in micro irrigated vineyards.
Highlights
Electromagnetic induction (EMI) for soil sensing has been increasingly studied and used in viticulture systems with the surge of precision agriculture technologies owing to its nondestructive and prompt manner in acquiring soil data in commercial vineyards (Morari et al 2009; André et al 2012; Rossi et al 2013; Yu and Kurtural 2020)
The growing degree days (GDD) were calculated based on the average air temperature determined from the local California Irrigation Management Information System (CIMIS) weather station as: GDD = (MaxT − MinT) − Tref 2 (1)
Soil ECa measured with proximal sensing in the deep soil layer can be related to grapevine water status
Summary
Electromagnetic induction (EMI) for soil sensing has been increasingly studied and used in viticulture systems with the surge of precision agriculture technologies owing to its nondestructive and prompt manner in acquiring soil data in commercial vineyards (Morari et al 2009; André et al 2012; Rossi et al 2013; Yu and Kurtural 2020). Soil apparent electrical conductivity (ECa), or its reciprocal soil apparent electrical resistivity (ERa), is the main variable EMI sensors can measure and is utilized as an integrated variable to assess soil physical and chemical properties, including soil texture, water content, and salinity (Bittelli 2011; Brillante et al 2014; De Clercq et al 2009). Other soil characteristics, such as soil compaction and soil clay content can be appraised through soil ECa sensing, according to studies conducted by various authors (Hedley et al 2004; Rodríguez-Pérez et al 2011; Zarrouk et al 2012). In the recent applications of proximal soil sensing in wine grape vineyards, the functional relationships between the soil ECa and the whole plant physiology are lacking thorough investigation and quantification
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