Soil Acidity Indicators for Liming in Tropical Acid Soils Cropped With Soybean Under Short- and Long-Term No-Tillage Systems

Abstract

Although the movement of liming materials under no-tillage (NT) systems can intensify stratification of soil chemical properties and be deleterious to soybean growth, little is known regarding the soil acidity indicators used to predict lime requirement (LR) in Brazilian soils under NT. Thus, we hypothesize that the recommendation criteria used for predicting LR in soils under NT must be different from those adopted in soils under conventional tillage (CT), and the reference values for such liming indicators may vary according to the phase following the adoption of the NT system. The study aimed to obtain soil acidity indicators for soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merill) in tropical acid soils under no-tillage (NT) systems and their respective critical levels according to the phase of NT. Sites under NT were commercial soybean crop areas located in the Cerrado region, Brazil. Systems analyzed were NTI (NT management from 0 to 5 years—initial phase), and NTTC (NT management from 5 to 20 years—transition-consolidation phase). Soil samples were collected at the 0-5, 0-10, and 0-20 cm layers, and analyzed for chemical characteristics. Relationships between crop yield response of soybean to lime application and various soil acidity-related characteristics led to establishing soil acidiy indicators for liming in tropical acid soils under no tillage. Critical levels were approximately similar in both phases of NT for exchangeable Ca and Mg, and potential acidity, but varied greatly depending on the soil layer and phase of NT management for soil pHCaCl2, CECpH7.0, and base saturation. In general, for both phases of NT, the critical levels of soil acidity indicators were lowest for the 0-20 cm layer, moderate for the 0-10 cm layer, and highest for the 0-5 cm layer. Lime applied with incorporation in the NTTC phase kept the soil with chemical attributes more favorable for plant growth than when surface liming was employed in the NTI phase, which was verified by the soybean yield response. Our results indicate the differences on the soil acidity indexes between the top and bottom depths that would not have been realized in a soil sampling for conventional tillage. Hence, recommendation criteria for lime application considering distinct soil depths and NT systems will be helpful when making lime decisions. Further research should focus on the development of reliable methods for predicting LR according to the NT phase and consequently maximize soybean production under NT systems in Brazil.