Abstract

In the past 30 years, numerous papers have been published in the areas of software reliability modeling, model validation, measurement, and practice [226]. Software has become an essential part of many industrial, military and commercial systems. In today’s large systems, software life-cycle cost (LCC) typically exceeds that of hardware, with 80 ∼ 90% of these costs going into software maintenance to fix, adapt, and expand the delivered program to meet the changing and growing needs of the users [589, p 305]. Compiling cost expenditures from all industries, in 1960 about 20% of the system’s cost was spent on software. That percentage has risen to 80% in 1985 and 90% in 1996 [385]. The investment in software increased even more dramatically for the military industry.

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