Abstract
This chapter examines three-dimensional (3D) computer models used in X-ray imaging research: main components, complexity, and common applications in Diagnostic Radiology. X-ray radiography and tomography imaging are basic instruments used in screening and diagnosing patients and taking further decisions. X-ray tomography is an X-ray procedure, which, based on a set of X-ray projections, produces cross-sectional views and 3D images of internal organs and structures of the body using computer algorithms. In general, computational phantoms in the field can be divided into two basic categories: phantoms for assessment of X-ray imaging techniques and phantoms for dosimetry. Computational phantoms can be as complex or as simple as the physical sample that they are going to represent. They can simulate anything from a simple slab phantom to anatomically accurate humans. Three basic geometric approaches are commonly explored for modeling the computational phantoms: solid geometry, voxel geometry, and hybrid approaches.
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