Soft X-Ray Observations of a Complete Sample of X-Ray--selected BL Lacertae Objects

Abstract

view Abstract Citations (60) References (84) Co-Reads Similar Papers Volume Content Graphics Metrics Export Citation NASA/ADS Soft X-Ray Observations of a Complete Sample of X-Ray--selected BL Lacertae Objects Perlman, Eric S. ; Stocke, John T. ; Wang, Q. Daniel ; Morris, Simon L. Abstract We present the results of ROSAT PSPC observations of the X-ray selected BL Lacertae objects (XBLs) in the complete Einstein Extended Medium Sensitivity Survey (EM MS) sample. None of the objects is resolved in their respective PSPC images, but all are easily detected. All BL Lac objects in this sample are well-fitted by single power laws. Their X-ray spectra exhibit a variety of spectral slopes, with best-fit energy power-law spectral indices between α = 0.5-2.3. The PSPC spectra of this sample are slightly steeper than those typical of flat ratio-spectrum quasars. Because almost all of the individual PSPC spectral indices are equal to or slightly steeper than the overall optical to X-ray spectral indices for these same objects, we infer that BL Lac soft X-ray continua are dominated by steep-spectrum synchrotron radiation from a broad X-ray jet, rather than flat-spectrum inverse Compton radiation linked to the narrower radio/millimeter jet. The softness of the X-ray spectra of these XBLs revives the possibility proposed by Guilbert, Fabian, & McCray (1983) that BL Lac objects are lineless because the circumnuclear gas cannot be heated sufficiently to permit two stable gas phases, the cooler of which would comprise the broad emission-line clouds. Because unified schemes predict that hard self-Compton radiation is beamed only into a small solid angle in BL Lac objects, the steep-spectrum synchrotron tail controls the temperature of the circumnuclear gas at r ≤ 1018 cm and prevents broad-line cloud formation. We use these new ROSAT data to recalculate the X-ray luminosity function and cosmological evolution of the complete EMSS sample by determining accurate K-corrections for the sample and estimating the effects of variability and the possibility of incompleteness in the sample. Our analysis confirms that XBLs are evolving "negatively," opposite in sense to quasars, with Ve/Va = 0.331±0.060. The statistically significant difference between the <Ve/Va> values for X-ray and radio-selected BL Lac objects remains a difficulty for models which unify these two types of objects. We have identified one addition to the sample, so that the sample now has 23 objects. We find no evidence for a substantial number of unidentified low-luminosity BL Lac objects hidden in our sample, as had been suggested by Browne & Marcha (1993) although a few such objects may be present. Publication: The Astrophysical Journal Pub Date: January 1996 DOI: 10.1086/176671 Bibcode: 1996ApJ...456..451P Keywords: GALAXIES: BL LACERTAE OBJECTS: GENERAL; GALAXIES: EVOLUTION; GALAXIES: LUMINOSITY FUNCTION; MASS FUNCTION; X-RAYS: GALAXIES full text sources ADS | data products SIMBAD (42) NED (27) HEASARC (1) Related Materials (1) Erratum: 1996ApJ...465.1010P