Abstract
Revealing the electronic properties determining the characteristics and performance of different materials of interest under operation conditions has become paramount in many research areas specially in energy materials as batteries or catalysis. Operando spectroscopy is of prime interest even more in presence of complex environments as gases and liquids, for example in applications as batteries, capacitors, electro- and thermal-catalysis etc. X-ray spectroscopy is a non-destructive method that provides relevant information of a material of interest in an element specific way. Unfortunately this technique is hardly compatible with liquid and gases (specially in the soft X-ray regimen). In this article a detailed description of the different approaches used for investigate complex electrochemical systems under working conditions with X-ray absorption spectroscopy in the soft X-ray regimen is discussed.
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