Soft x-ray appearance potential spectroscopy of lanthanum, gadolinium, and thorium

Abstract

The electron binding energies of La (M2–N 5,4 levels), Gd (M3–N 5,4 levels) and Th (O5–N1 levels) were determined by SXAPS and compared with those obtained by ESCA and by calculation. The results are in reasonable agreement. The La was oxidized and the shift in the SXAPS peaks was less than 1 eV. Satellite peaks have been observed associated with the M5, M4, and N 5,4 peaks of La and Gd and the O5 and O4 peaks of Th. Possible mechanisms responsible for these satellite peaks are discussed.