Abstract
BackgroundTo investigate changes in facial morphology during the first six months of orthodontic treatment among adult females receiving orthodontic treatment.Methods43 adult females receiving orthodontic treatment were randomly recruited. 3D facial images were taken at baseline (T0), three months (T1), and six months (T2) after treatment initiation. Spatially dense facial landmarks were digitized to allow for sufficient details in characterization of facial features. 3D geometric morphometrics and multivariate statistics were used to investigate changes in mean and variance of facial shape and facial form associated with treatment.ResultsWe observed statistically significant changes in facial shape across the three treatment stages (p = 0.0022). Pairwise comparisons suggested significant changes from T0 to T1 (p = 0.0045) and from T0 to T2 (p = 0.0072). Heatmap visualization indicated that the buccal and temporal region were invaginated while the labial region became protruded with treatment. The magnitude of shape change was 0.009, 0.004, and 0.010 from T0 to T1, T1 to T2, and T0 to T2, respectively, in unit of Procrustes distance. The average magnitude of change per-landmark was 1.32 mm, 0.21 mm, and 1.34 mm, respectively. Changes in mean facial form were not statistically significant (p = 0.1143). No changes in variance of facial shape were observed across treatment stages (p > 0.05).ConclusionRate of facial changes was twice as fast during the first three months as that during fourth to sixth month. Buccal and temporal region became invaginated while labial region became protruded with treatment.
Highlights
To investigate changes in facial morphology during the first six months of orthodontic treatment among adult females receiving orthodontic treatment
The number of adult females seeking orthodontic treatment has been on a rise [1]
Some researchers suggest that face of patients who received tooth extraction became flattened during treatment while it became fuller among non-extraction patients [4, 5]
Summary
To investigate changes in facial morphology during the first six months of orthodontic treatment among adult females receiving orthodontic treatment. The number of adult females seeking orthodontic treatment has been on a rise [1]. Studies on the effect of tooth extraction on facial changes during orthodontic treatment have been inconsistent. Some researchers suggest that face of patients who received tooth extraction became flattened during treatment while it became fuller among non-extraction patients [4, 5]. Bowman and Johnston, on the other hand, suggest that the effect of tooth extraction on facial profile is dependent on initial soft tissue protrusion [6]. It should be noted that these studies were performed based on facial profile of 2D images. Only facial changes in the midsagittal plane could be evaluated [7]
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