Abstract
Marine-derived extract and/or bioactive compounds have attracted increasing demand due to their unique and potential uses as cures for various inflammation-based diseases. Several studies revealed anti-inflammatory candidates found in soft corals. However, the effects of soft corals on inflammation in an in vivo model remain to be determined. Therefore, the extract of soft coral Dendronephthya puetteri (DPE) was investigated for an in vivo anti-inflammatory effect in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated zebrafish model to determine its potential use as a natural anti-inflammatory agent. We also investigated whether DPE has toxic effects in a zebrafish model. No significant changes were observed in terms of survival, heart beat rate, or developmental abnormalities in the zebrafish embryos exposed to a concentration below 100 µg/mL of DPE. Treating the zebrafish model with LPS-treatment significantly increased the ROS, NO generation, and cell death. However, DPE inhibited this LPS-stimulated ROS, NO generation, and cell death in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, DPE significantly reduced the mRNA expression of both iNOS and COX-2 and markedly suppressed the expression levels of the proinflammatory cytokines, TNF-α and IL-6, in an LPS-stimulated zebrafish model. These findings demonstrate that DPE has profound anti-inflammatory effect in vivo, suggesting that DPE might be a strong natural anti-inflammatory agent.
Highlights
Inflammation is a complex stereotypical response of the body to cell damage and tissue vascularization
Such results indicate the potential of the soft coral Dendronephthya species as natural bioactive candidates, Dendronephthya puetteri collected from the sea of Jeju Island has not been extensively studied in terms of toxicity and anti-inflammatory activities in an in vivo model
In the heart beat rate test, there was no significant change in heart beat rate compared to control, indicating that there was no toxicity at the tested concentrations (Figure 1B)
Summary
Inflammation is a complex stereotypical response of the body to cell damage and tissue vascularization. The vertebrate zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a small tropical freshwater fish, which has emerged as a useful vertebrate model organism because of its small size, large clutches, transparency, low cost maintenance, and morphological and physiological similarity to mammals [14,15] Owing to these advantages, the value of the zebrafish as a model organism for in vivo drug toxicity and efficacy studies has recently come to be recognized [16,17,18]. In this study, extract of soft coral Dendronephthya puetteri (DPE) was investigated to identify in vivo anti-inflammatory effects in zebrafish model for its potential use in natural anti-inflammatory agent. The developmental toxicity potential of DPE was evaluated in a zebrafish model
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