Abstract
Limiting dietary sodium intake has been a consistent dietary recommendation. Using NHANES 2007-2010 data, we estimated current sodium intake and modeled the potential impact of a new sodium reduction technology on sodium intake. NHANES 2007-2010 data were used to assess current sodium intake. The National Cancer Institute method was used for usual intake determination. Suggested sodium reductions using SODA-LO (®) Salt Microspheres ranged from 20% to 30% in 953 foods and usual intakes were modeled by using various reduction factors and levels of market penetration. SAS 9.2, SUDAAN 11, and NHANES survey weights were used in all calculations with assessment across gender and age groups. Current (2007-2010) sodium intake (mg/day) exceeds recommendations across all age gender groups and has not changed during the last decade. However, sodium intake measured as a function of food intake (mg/g food) has decreased significantly during the last decade. Two food categories contribute about 2/3rd of total sodium intake: "Grain Products" and "Meat, Poultry, Fish & Mixtures". Sodium reduction, with 100% market penetration of the new technology, was estimated to be 230-300mg/day or 7-9% of intake depending upon age and gender group. Sodium reduction innovations like SODA-LO (®) Salt Microspheres could contribute to meaningful reductions in sodium intake.
Highlights
Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2010 (USDA 2010a) recommend a maximum dietary sodium intake of 2300 mg/day for the general population and 1500 mg/ day for at-risk groups, including African Americans, persons aged 51 years and above, and persons of any age with hypertension, diabetes, or chronic kidney disease
The scientific report of the Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee 2015 (USDA 2015) has identified dietary sodium as a nutrient of public health concern due to over consumption is consistent with current sodium recommendations and sodium appears to be a key focus area for upcoming 2015 Dietary Guidelines
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey is a large dietary survey conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) of the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) every year on a national representative sample of non-institutionalized US individuals (USDA 2013)
Summary
Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2010 (USDA 2010a) recommend a maximum dietary sodium intake of 2300 mg/day for the general population and 1500 mg/ day for at-risk groups, including African Americans, persons aged 51 years and above, and persons of any age with hypertension, diabetes, or chronic kidney disease (about half of the US population). Regardless of the recommendations, dietary sodium intake in the United States is well above that needed for physiological function and is greater than recommended. Excessive dietary sodium is a major contributor to hypertension which is a leading preventable risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (Sacks et al 2001; Strazzullo et al 2009; USDA 2010b, 2015; Aburto et al 2013; Institute of Medicine 2013). 1 in 3 Americans or 68 million adults have hypertension, half of whom have uncontrolled hypertension (Gillespie et al 2011), and in 2010, high blood pressure was estimated to be responsible
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