Sodium Intake and Sodium to Potassium Ratio among New York City Adults in the 2018 Heart Follow-Up Study

Abstract

BackgroundHigh sodium and low potassium intake are positively associated with blood pressure, a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease. The mean intake of sodium among United States adults exceeds the chronic disease risk reduction level of 2300 mg/d, whereas potassium intake remains lower than the recommended levels. From 2008 through 2019, there were several local and national initiatives to reduce sodium in New York City (NYC). ObjectivesWe aimed to update and compare estimates of sodium intake among NYC adults overall and by covariates from the 2010 Heart Follow-Up Study (HFUS) with the 2018 HFUS. We also estimated the 2018 sodium-to-potassium ratio to understand overall diet quality among demographic groups. MethodsThis cross-sectional study used sodium and potassium measurements from 24-h urine collection and self-reported data from 2509 and 1656 participants in the 2018 and 2010 HFUS, respectively. The weighted mean daily intake of sodium and the sodium-to-potassium ratio were estimated. T-tests and multivariable linear regression models with tests for interactions were used to compare changes in sodium intake. ResultsThe mean sodium intake of adult New Yorkers in 2018 was 3292 mg/d. Sodium intake did not change from 2010 (3234 mg/d, P = 0.45) to 2018 in the overall population, although there was a decrease in sodium intake among adults 18–24 y old (3445 mg/d to 2957 mg/d, P = 0.05). The daily mean sodium-to-potassium ratio was 1.7 mg/mg. The highest sodium-to-potassium ratios were among Black females 18–44 y old (2.0) and 45–64 y old (2.2) and Black (2.1) and Latino (2.1) males between 18 and 44 y old. ConclusionsThe lack of population-level changes in sodium intake and the high sodium-to-potassium ratios among Black females and younger Black and Latino males suggest that further efforts to reduce sodium in the food supply and address persistent inequities are needed.