Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor therapy: use in chronic kidney disease and adjunctive sodium restriction.

Abstract

The global burden of chronic kidney disease (CKD) has increased significantly over the past few decades. This reflects the rising prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and hypertension, two leading causes of CKD. Hypertension, which can also be a complication of CKD, accelerates renal disease progression and augments cardiovascular risk, especially in individuals with diabetic kidney disease. Hence, blood pressure (BP) reduction is a vital component of CKD management. Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are a relatively novel class of medications developed to treat T2DM by inducing glycosuria and hence, lowering glycaemia. Additionally, SGLT2 inhibitors are antihypertensive, renoprotective and cardioprotective, even in individuals without T2DM, making them effective therapeutic agents for CKD. Another therapy that has proven to be antihypertensive, renoprotective and cardioprotective is dietary sodium restriction. This review evaluates the potential combined benefits of SGLT2 inhibition and dietary sodium restriction on the BP and renal parameters of individuals with CKD.