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Abstract
High-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1), a ubiquitous nuclear protein, drives proinflammatory responses when released extracellularly. It plays a key role as a distal mediator in the development of acute lung injury (ALI). Sodium butyrate, an inhibitor of histone deacetylase, has been demonstrated to inhibit HMGB1 expression. This study investigates the effect of sodium butyrate on burn-induced lung injury. Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into three groups: 1) sham group, sham burn treatment; 2) burn group, third-degree burns over 30% total body surface area (TBSA) with lactated Ringer’s solution for resuscitation; 3) burn plus sodium butyrate group, third-degree burns over 30% TBSA with lactated Ringer’s solution containing sodium butyrate for resuscitation. The burned animals were sacrificed at 12, 24, and 48 h after burn injury. Lung injury was assessed in terms of histologic changes and wet weight to dry weight (W/D) ratio. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-8 protein concentrations in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and serum were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and HMGB1 expression in the lung was determined by Western blot analysis. Pulmonary myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration were measured to reflect neutrophil infiltration and oxidative stress in the lung, respectively. As a result, sodium butyrate significantly inhibited the HMGB1 expressions in the lungs, reduced the lung W/D ratio, and improved the pulmonary histologic changes induced by burn trauma. Furthermore, sodium butyrate administration decreased the TNF-α and IL-8 concentrations in BALF and serum, suppressed MPO activity, and reduced the MDA content in the lungs after severe burn. These results suggest that sodium butyrate attenuates inflammatory responses, neutrophil infiltration, and oxidative stress in the lungs, and protects against remote ALI induced by severe burn, which is associated with inhibiting HMGB1 expression.
Highlights
Pulmonary pathology in major thermal injury is found in 30% to 80% of burn fatalities [1]
The lungs are frequently the first organs to fail after burns [27], and Acute lung injury (ALI) always develops in major burn patients, even in the absence of inhalation injury and infection [28]
Sodium butyrate has been implicated in High mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1) expression [20,21,22,23]
Summary
Pulmonary pathology in major thermal injury is found in 30% to 80% of burn fatalities [1]. ALI and its extreme manifestation, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), are the well-documented major cause of morbidity and mortality in burned patients admitted to the hospital, especially in patients with combined smoke inhalation injury or delayed resuscitation [2,3,4]. High mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1), known as an abundant, non-histone architectural chromosomal protein, is highly conserved across different species [8]. It was originally discovered as a DNA binding protein that facilitates DNA replication and repair [9,10,11]. HMGB1 participation in innate and specific immune responses has been revealed
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