Abstract
In history of french education, technical education has been neglected for a long time, partly because historians focused on its finality and functions and considered it connected with economy, work market, technical progress, or class struggle, more than with school. The aim of this article is to show that, even in the case of technical schools with workshops, schooling cannot be reduced to a response to skills need or to social demand.Unsophisticated workshops of technical and middle schools by 1860 and mechanized school workshops by 1900 were not only usedfor training apprentices for craft or industry. In many schools, manual work was associated with general and theoretical studies, and one of its main functions was to train pupils for examinations of the ecoles d'arts et metiers, technical schools of a raising level Ecoles d'arts et metiers requirements and model had an strong influence on level and equipment of technical and higher primary schools.Technical schools generally associated very different...
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