Socioeconomic-Status-Based Disrespect, Discrimination, Exclusion, and Shaming: A Potential Source of Health Inequalities?

Abstract

Observing an association between socioeconomic status (SES) and health reliably leads to the question, "What are the pathways involved?" Despite enormous investment in research on the characteristics, behaviors, and traits of people disadvantaged with respect to health inequalities, the issue remains unresolved. We turn our attention to actions of more advantaged groups by asking people to self-report their exposure to disrespect, discrimination, exclusion, and shaming (DDES) from people above them in the SES hierarchy. We developed measures of these phenomena and administered them to a cross-sectional U.S. national probability sample (N = 1,209). Consistent with the possibility that DDES represents a pathway linking SES and health, the SES→health coefficient dropped substantially when DDES variables were controlled: 112.9% for anxiety, 43.8% for self-reported health, and 49.4% for cardiovascular-related conditions. These results illustrate a need for a relational approach emphasizing the actions of more advantaged groups in shaping health inequities.