Socioeconomic inequalities in neonatal and postneonatal mortality: Evidence from rural Iran, 1998\u20132013

Shohreh Naderimagham,Alireza Khajavi,Farhad Pishgar,Mina Dehghani

doi:10.1186/s12939-017-0570-6

Abstract

BackgroundOver the past three decades, interventions have been implemented to reduce childhood mortality in Iran. Despite declines in overall mortality rates, inequalities in mortality across socioeconomic groups have remained unchanged. In this study, we assessed inequalities in infant mortality in rural regions of Iran.MethodsWe obtained data from the Iranian vital registration system, which includes data on 5,626,158 live births, 79,457 neonatal deaths, and 36,397 postneonatal deaths in rural areas of Iran over the course of a 16-year period, which was then divided into 4 four-year intervals. In addition to building multivariate regression models to identify factors associated with mortality, we calculated a concentration index for each province to measure inequalities in neonatal and postneonatal mortality, using wealth index as the socioeconomic variable of interest. We further assessed these inequalities as a component of their contributors by using the decomposition method.ResultsAlthough both neonatal (17.62 to 10.92) and postneonatal (8.11 to 5.14) mortality rates exhibited decreasing trends from 1998-2001 to 2010–2013, the inequalities observed in these indices remained nearly unchanged (concentration indices of −0.062 to −0.047 and −0.098 to −0.083, respectively). Furthermore, fraction of births occurred in hospitals and literate women contributed positively to the inequalities observed in both neonatal and postneonatal mortality rates, whereas the proportion of infants classified as low birth weight contributed negatively over all study periods. We also identified decreasing trends in inequalities of the proportion of infants classified as having low birth weight, being born in hospitals, being covered by health insurance, mothers’ age, and literacy of women within the time intervals under study.ConclusionsAlthough infant mortality rates in Iran decreased over the studied time period, we observed notable inequalities in these measures. Several steps are needed to overcome these inequalities, including improving access to professional health services for lower income households, fairly distributing facilities and human resources, and improving insurance coverage to protect families from financial hardships. Moreover, social factors, such as literacy of women, were found to be important in decreasing inequalities in infant mortality. These steps require improving societal awareness of infant mortality and implementing improved and problem-oriented health policies.

Highlights

Over the past three decades, interventions have been implemented to reduce childhood mortality in Iran
We found that the proportions of literate women, hospitalized births, and infants classified as having low birth weight contributed to the development of inequalities in infant mortality in rural areas of Iran, more comprehensive studies are required to investigate effects of other factors, such as birth intervals, paternal education, and health system reform, on the inequalities in these measures in Iran
Here, we investigated the associations of several factors with and their contributions to inequalities in infant mortality, including lower levels of education among women, lower rates of hospitalized births, greater proportions of infants classified as low birth weight, mean material age, and lower socioeconomic status

Summary

Introduction

Over the past three decades, interventions have been implemented to reduce childhood mortality in Iran. Despite declines in overall mortality rates, inequalities in mortality across socioeconomic groups have remained unchanged. Childhood mortality rates are among the most important health indices, representing the performance of societal health systems. The fourth Millennium Development Goal (Millennium Development Goal 4, MDG4) addresses child mortality, and governments and health authorities had been encouraged to work together to reduce the under-5 mortality rate (U5MR) by two thirds from 1990 to 2015 [1]. Differences in the reduction rates achieved among countries may be attributable to several factors, including financial factors, inhabitant education levels, implementation of public health programs and interventions, and access to new health technologies and systems [3,4,5]

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Conclusion