Abstract
Access to electricity plays a crucial role in reducing energy poverty. This analysis examines energy affordability based on electricity expenditures. Hence, panel data from the consumer pyramids household survey has been consolidated. Fixed-effect models have been applied at the household level to control unobservable heterogeneity. The results show that better income leads to more electricity expenses non-linearly. Lower-income group households have a higher income elasticity of electricity expenditure than higher-income group households. Whereas moderately educated households have higher expenditure on electricity. The quality of electricity access matters to households for higher electricity usage.
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