Socioeconomic Deprivation Index Is Associated With Psychiatric Disorders: An Observational and Genome-wide Gene-by-Environment Interaction Analysis in the UK Biobank Cohort

Abstract

BackgroundPsychiatric disorders are among the largest and fastest-growing categories of the global disease burden. However, limited effort has been made to further elucidate associations between socioeconomic factors and psychiatric disorders from a genetic perspective. MethodsWe randomly divided 501,882 participants in the UK Biobank cohort with socioeconomic Townsend deprivation index (TDI) data into a discovery cohort and a replication cohort. For both cohorts, we first conducted regression analyses to evaluate the associations between the TDI and common psychiatric disorders or traits, including anxiety, bipolar disorder, self-harm, and depression (based on self-reported depression and Patient Health Questionnaire scores). We then performed a genome-wide gene-by-environment interaction study using PLINK 2.0 with the TDI as an environmental factor to explore interaction effects. ResultsIn the discovery cohort, significant associations were observed between the TDI and psychiatric disorders (p < 4.00 × 10−16), including anxiety (odds ratio [OR] = 1.08, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.07–1.10), bipolar disorder (OR = 1.42, 95% CI = 1.36–1.48), self-harm (OR = 1.21, 95% CI = 1.19–1.23), self-reported depression (OR = 1.22, 95% CI = 1.20–1.24), and Patient Health Questionnaire scores (β = .07, SE = 0.004). We observed similar significant associations in the replication cohort. In addition, multiple candidate loci were identified by the genome-wide gene-by-environment interaction study, including rs10886438 at 10q26.11 (GRK5) (p = 5.72 × 10−11) for Patient Health Questionnaire scores and rs162553 at 2p22.2 (CYP1B1) (p = 2.25 × 10−9) for self-harm. ConclusionsOur findings suggest the relevance of the TDI to psychiatric disorders. The genome-wide gene-by-environment interaction study identified several candidate genes interacting with the TDI, providing novel clues for understanding the biological mechanism of associations between the TDI and psychiatric disorders.