Abstract
Background: Sexually transmitted diseases are one of the several major public health concerns, the burden of which is borne by low- and middle-income countries like India. Purpose: The purpose is to evaluate the relationship between menstrual and sanitary hygiene and sexually transmitted diseases (STD) based on syndromic diagnosis Methods: An out-patient department (OPD) based cross sectional survey to determine these associations, if any exist, which would help critically analyze syndromic management. STD was reported by the presence of vaginal/cervical/urethral discharge with or without irritation and itching, lower abdominal pain and ulcer. Results: The prevalence of STD was 66.84% with the most commonly reported symptoms being discharged (31.18%), followed by abdominal pain (17.92%) and itching/irritation (12.90%), with ulcer (4.83%) being the least reported symptom. Perimenopausal age ((AOR: 0.420 [CI: 0.189 - 0.915]; p = 0.030), higher grades of education ((AOR: 0.228 [CI: 0.119 - 0.424]; p < 0.001) for secondary), urban residency (AOR: 0.435 [CI: 0.686 - 2.733]; p < 0.001), and contraception use (AOR: 0.531 [CI: 0.308 - 0.887]; p = 0.018) were associated with lesser odds of presenting with an STD symptom. Belonging to a minority religious community (AOR: 7.20 [CI: 1.866 - 48.251]; p < 0.012) or backward castes (AOR: 3.753 [CI: 1.587 - 10.144]; p < 0.001), having similar illness (AOR: 4.205 [CI: 2.795 - 6.439]; p < 0.001) or having an invasive gynecological procedure done in the past one year (AOR: 1.953 [CI: 1.184 - 3.295]; p = 0.010) and washing the reusable sanitary material only with water (AOR: 4.900 [CI: 2.701 - 9.116]; p < 0.001) as compared to washing it with water and soap, had a higher association with presenting with STD symptoms. Stratified analysis also showed that women presenting discharge (AOR: 2.049 [CI: 1.343 - 3.146] for vaginal and cervical; AOR: 1.426 [CI: 0.826 - 2.482] for urethral) were more likely to not have a toilet facility in an accessible condition. Women with sanitary napkin use had lesser odds (AOR: 0.780 [CI: 0.516 - 1.180]; p = 0.293) of presentation for STD in OPD than women who used other material. Conclusion: To better manage the group of diseases that may present with symptoms of STD under syndromic approach, we propose interventions such as menstrual hygiene education and promotion of the use of sanitary napkins among women especially those belonging to lower socio-economic sections of the society.
Highlights
Sexually transmitted diseases (STD) have a significant burden on sexual and reproductive health with profound morbidity and mortality
We found that socio-demographic factors like perimenopausal age had significantly lesser odds of presenting with sexually transmitted diseases (STD) complain (AOR: 0.420 [CI: 0.189 - 0.915]; p = 0.03), having a primary and secondary education had significantly lesser odds of presenting with STD complain ((AOR: 0.275 [CI: 0.144 - 0.510]; p < 0.001) and (AOR: 0.228 [CI: 0.119 - 0.424]; p < 0.001) respectively),living in hostels, dormitories or individually had lesser odds (AOR: 0.542 [CI: 0.309 - 0.944]; p < 0.031)) of presenting with STD symptoms and so did living in urban areas (AOR: 0.435 [CI: 0.686 - 2.733]; p < 0.001)
We found that factors determining low socio-economic status like Illiteracy, minority religious groups, living in rural parts of the town and belonging to backward castes were significantly associated with higher chances of presenting with an STD complaint
Summary
Sexually transmitted diseases (STD) have a significant burden on sexual and reproductive health with profound morbidity and mortality. Transmitted diseases are one of the several major public health concerns, the burden of which is borne by low- and middle-income countries like India. STD was reported by the presence of vaginal/cervical/urethral discharge with or without irritation and itching, lower abdominal pain and ulcer. Results: The prevalence of STD was 66.84% with the most commonly reported symptoms being discharged (31.18%), followed by abdominal pain (17.92%) and itching/irritation (12.90%), with ulcer (4.83%) being the least reported symptom. Stratified analysis showed that women presenting discharge
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