Abstract
BackgroundThe aims of the present study were to assess changes in lifestyles in the general population in response to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) lockdown and the influence of COVID-19 perceptions, as assessed by the Extended Parallel Process Model (EPPM), on these changes.MethodsData were collected from 4005 individuals through an online survey conducted 3–4 weeks after the nationwide lockdown implementation in France. Participants were asked whether they practiced five behaviors (i.e., screen watching, snacking, eating fruits and vegetables, exercising, and walking) less often, as often as, or more often than prior to the lockdown. Beliefs and expectations toward the COVID-19 epidemic were also assessed using an adapted version of Witte’s EPPM, together with sociodemographic and environmental variables. Among the respondents consuming regularly alcohol and tobacco, logistic regressions were performed to estimate the Odds ratios (ORs) of increase (yes/no) and decrease (yes/no) in drinking and smoking since the lockdown.ResultsMore than 8 in 10 respondents reported unhealthy changes in lifestyle since the lockdown, mostly in relation to physical activity. The unhealthy changes were positively associated with male sex (RR = 1.17; confidence interval [95% CI] = 1.10–1.24), living urban density, having a garden (RR = 1.16 [1.07–1.26]), financial difficulties because of COVID-19 (RR = 1.09 [1.02–1.18]), and lack of fear control (RR = 1.04 [1.01–1.09]) and negatively with cognitive avoidance (RR = 0.92 [0.89–0.95]). Less than 4 in 10 respondents reported healthy changes over the same period, mostly in relation to better eating habits. They were positively associated with living with more than two persons (RR = 1.22 [1.02–1.45]), having a terrace (RR = 1.14 [1.02–1.29], and perceived efficacy (RR = 1.11 [1.04–1.08]) and negatively with being aged 40 or higher. Alcohol consumption overall declined in regular drinkers, while a slight increase in tobacco use was observed in regular smokers.DiscussionThe COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown resulted in frequent and mostly unhealthy changes in lifestyle among the general population. These changes were related to individual and environmental characteristics but also to EPPM appraisals in the wake of fear appeal from COVID-19 campaigns. Communication and preventive measures should include messages and initiatives toward the maintenance of healthy lifestyles during pandemics such as the adaptation of physical activity and eating guidelines to the particular contexts of mobility restriction and infection control.
Highlights
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has affected many countries, with more than ten million cases worldwide and more than 500,000 deaths by July 1st 2020 (ECDC, 2020)
Most of them lived in urban environments (75.9%), in multi-person households (78.0%), with a living area of 80 m2 or more (78.0%) with a garden (66.3%) or/and a terrace (58.2%)
4.3% of the participants reported that they tested positive for COVID-19, there were no significant difference between the non-infected and infected participants regarding lifestyles changes under study
Summary
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has affected many countries, with more than ten million cases worldwide and more than 500,000 deaths by July 1st 2020 (ECDC, 2020). Global and local health authorities used media campaigns to inform about the virus spreads and the number of daily cases and deaths and to promote the recommended actions to prevent infections in mass populations (Lasbeur et al, 2020; Raude et al, 2020). These include regular handwashing, social distancing, avoiding crowed places, and covering mouth and nose, among others. The aims of the present study were to assess changes in lifestyles in the general population in response to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) lockdown and the influence of COVID-19 perceptions, as assessed by the Extended Parallel Process Model (EPPM), on these changes
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