Social work contact in a UK cohort study: Under-reporting, predictors of contact and the emotional and behavioural problems of children

Meng Le Zhang,Andrew Boyd,Sin Yi Cheung,Elaine Sharland,Jonathan Scourfield

doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105071

Abstract

BackgroundThere is little evidence on the degree of underreporting of social work contact in survey studies. There are also few studies about the emotional and behavioural problems of children in families who have contact with social workers, despite the adversities they face. ObjectiveWe examine underreporting of social work contact; the predictors of social work contact with families; and links between social work contact and emotional and behavioural outcomes for children. Participants and settingThe Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children follows the health and development of 14,062 children born in 1991–2 to women living in and around the City of Bristol. The study includes self-reported information about mothers’ contact with social workers and children’s emotional and behavioural outcomes using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). MethodsSelf-reporting of social work contact in ALSPAC is compared with administrative data from the child protection register to examine rates of underreporting. We use a fixed-effects model to account for measurement error in estimating the association between social work contact and potential predictors, namely gender of the child and maternal factors: marital status, trouble with law, hospitalisation, cannabis and alcohol use, employment, financial difficulty and experience of cruelty from a partner. SDQ scores are explored using linear regression with lagged indicators of social work contact. ResultsThe probability of a false negative for self-report of social work contact ranged from 22% to 34% across three survey waves. Mothers who married within the last 12 months were less likely to receive social work contact (OR: 0.13, CI95%: 0.01–1.34). Those who had either been hospitalised (OR: 1.52, CI95%: 1.01 – 2.28) or increased their rate of alcohol consumption (OR: 2.14, CI95%: 0.91 – 5.07) within the last 12 months were more likely to receive such contact. Overall children whose mothers report social work contact were much more likely to have emotional and behavioural problems within the first seven years of their lives (p < 0.01). ConclusionThere is potentially a high degree of underreporting of social work contact in social surveys and cohort studies. Researchers should adopt methods to account for this issue in the future. The risk of emotional and behavioural problems is greater among children whose mothers have had contact with social workers compared to other children with seemingly similar adversities.

Highlights

Many studies have focussed on the relationship between emotional and behavioural difficulties in children and a range of factors such as family poverty and single parenthood (Bergeron et al, 2000; Sabates & Dex, 2015)
To estimate the extent of reporting bias, we calculated the proportion of mothers whose family had a child protection register record during relevant periods and who self-reported social worker or social services contact
221 unique pregnancy units had a record on the child protection register indicating contact with a social worker on at least one occasion (1.7% of total units)

Summary

Introduction

Many studies have focussed on the relationship between emotional and behavioural difficulties in children and a range of factors such as family poverty and single parenthood (Bergeron et al, 2000; Sabates & Dex, 2015). It is known that children in foster care or residential homes have higher rates of psychiatric disorders compared to the general population (Ford, Vostanis, Meltzer, & Goodman, 2007) These cases represent the most vulnerable group of children who come into contact with social workers, usually as a result of child abuse or neglect. The primary objective of this paper is to examine the various events and circumstances that precede mothers’ contact with social workers, and the association between that contact and children’s mental health outcomes This is done with caution in recognition of the challenges firstly of capturing and measuring child and family adversities, vulnerabilities, assets, resilience or social care outcomes (Children’s Commissioner, 2018a, 2018b; Forrester, 2017) and secondly, their complex and compounding intersections (Davidson, Bunting, & Webb, 2012). The UK does not have the data infrastructure equivalent to countries which have either a dedicated nationally representative study of social work service users, such as the National

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