Abstract
Allergic diseases including asthma, chronic rhinosinusitis, and atopic dermatitis are common conditions worldwide. While type 2 immune responses induced by T-cells significantly cause allergic inflammation, the recently identified group two innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are emerging as critical players in the development of allergy. Upon allergen exposure, ILC2s are rapidly activated by cytokines released by epithelial cells. Activated ILC2s release various effector cytokines altogether contributing to the pathogenesis of allergy and can even cause inflammation in the absence of T-cells, as observed in asthma. Although the factors inducing ILC2 activation have been identified, evidence suggests that multiple factors can enhance or repress ILC2 proliferation, trafficking, or secretion of effector cytokines upon allergic inflammation. In this review, we discuss the recent findings that influence ILC2 activation and the resulting effects on the pathogenesis of allergy. A better understanding of how ILC2s are modulated will open the door to the development of new therapeutic strategies against allergic diseases.
Highlights
Allergic diseases are highly diverse and common conditions caused by the inappropriate sensitization of the immune system to environmental antigens
We recently reported that plasmacytoid DC-derived IFN-α directly suppresses ILC2 activation in models of asthma [51]
ILC2s are potent producers of type 2 cytokines, and it is not surprising that they are involved in the development of various allergic diseases including asthma
Summary
Allergic diseases are highly diverse and common conditions caused by the inappropriate sensitization of the immune system to environmental antigens. Most inflammatory responses seen in allergic diseases are caused by the release of type 2 cytokines from activated T helper 2 (Th2) cells. Invariant natural killer T-cells produce large amounts of cytokines and induce airway inflammation independent of T-cells [5]. Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) were described as a source of cytokines during allergic inflammation. ILC2s are a subset of the innate lymphoid cells family described in three independent studies [6,7,8], following pioneer work in the early 2000s [9].
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